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To determine if acquired epigenetic\/genetic changes are associated with FM, we compared the frequency of spontaneously occurring micronuclei (MN) and genome-wide methylation patterns in women with FM (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) to those seen in comparably aged healthy controls (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>42<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>(MN);<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>8<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>(methylation)). The mean (sd) MN frequency of women with FM (51.4 (21.9)) was significantly higher than that of controls (15.8 (8.5)) (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03c7<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>45.552<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>; df = 1;<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>1.49<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>11<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:math>). Significant differences (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>69<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>sites) in methylation patterns were observed between cases and controls considering a 5% false discovery rate. The majority of differentially methylated (DM) sites (91%) were attributable to increased values in the women with FM. The DM sites included significant biological clusters involved in neuron differentiation\/nervous system development, skeletal\/organ system development, and chromatin compaction. Genes associated with DM sites whose function has particular relevance to FM included BDNF, NAT15, HDAC4, PRKCA, RTN1, and PRKG1. Results support the need for future research to further examine the potential role of epigenetic and acquired chromosomal alterations as a possible biological mechanism underlying FM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/795784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T21:03:59Z","timestamp":1377205439000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Epigenetic Alterations and an Increased Frequency of Micronuclei in Women with Fibromyalgia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2444-379X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victoria","family":"Menzies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, 1100 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0567, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra E.","family":"Lyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, 1100 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0567, USA"},{"name":"Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA 23298-0037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellie J.","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 830 East Main Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 830 East Main Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenni","family":"Brumelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980662, Richmond, VA 23298-0662, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly H.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980662, Richmond, VA 23298-0662, USA"},{"name":"Neodiagnostix, 9700 Great Seneca Highway, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 830 East Main Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy P.","family":"York","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. 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