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schizophrenia (SZ). In the present study, we determined erythrocyte EPA + DHA levels in adult medication-free patients SZ (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>20<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and age-matched healthy controls (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>24<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). Erythrocyte EPA + DHA composition exhibited by SZ patients (3.5%) was significantly lower than healthy controls (4.5%, \u221222%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.007<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). The majority of SZ patients (72%) exhibited EPA+DHA levels \u22644.0% compared with 37% of controls (Chi-square,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). In contrast, the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>6<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) (+9%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.02<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and the AA:EPA + DHA ratio (+28%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0004<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) were significantly greater in SZ patients. Linoleic acid (18:2<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>6<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) was significantly lower (\u221212%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.009<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and the erythrocyte 20:3\/18:2 ratio (an index of delta6-desaturase activity) was significantly elevated in SZ patients. Compared with same-gender controls, EPA + DHA composition was significantly lower in male (\u221219%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.04<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) but not female (\u221213%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M11\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.33<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) SZ patients, whereas the 20:3\/18:2 ratio was significantly elevated in both male (+22%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M12\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.008<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and female (+22%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M13\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.04<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) SZ patients. These results suggest that the majority of SZ patients exhibit low LC<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2212 3 fatty acid levels which may place them at increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/796462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,27]],"date-time":"2013-02-27T21:01:17Z","timestamp":1361998877000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Adult Medication-Free Schizophrenic Patients Exhibit Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Risk"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Robert K.","family":"McNamara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219-0516, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Jandacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of 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