{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:16:07Z","timestamp":1788912967980,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]],"date-time":"2013-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010129","name":"Maud Kuistila Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004212","name":"P\u00e4ivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004212","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Social Insurance Institution of Finland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ISRN Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that high hygiene standards have led to an immune dysfunction and an increase in allergic diseases. Farming-related exposures are associated with a decreased risk of asthma. Since the gut microbiota may be a pivotal component in the hygiene hypothesis, we studied whether perinatal exposure to pets, doctor's diagnosed wheezy bronchitis (WB), and compositional changes in the gut microbiota are interrelated among urban infants. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. Data were collected prospectively from a mother-infant nutrition study. Data on perinatal pet ownership, WB, and the microbiota composition of faecal samples of the infants assessed by quantitative PCR at 1 month were compared. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. None of the 30 infants exposed to pets had suffered from WB by 24 months, whereas 15 of the 99 (15%) nonexposed infants had had WB (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.03<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). The counts of <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic> were higher in samples (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>17<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) from nonwheezing infants with pet exposure compared to those (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) in wheezing infants without pet exposure (8.59\/10.44 versus 5.94\/9.86, resp. (median\/upper limit of range, bacteria(log)\/g of stool); <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.02<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). <jats:italic>B. breve<\/jats:italic> was more abundant in the wheezing infants (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.02<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/827934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]],"date-time":"2013-01-09T23:59:00Z","timestamp":1357775940000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Perinatal Pet Exposure, Faecal Microbiota, and Wheezy Bronchitis: Is There a Connection?"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Merja","family":"Nermes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katri","family":"Niinivirta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotta","family":"Nylund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsi","family":"Laitinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Matom\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Turku 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