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Following 4, 8, and 15 days of ligation, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>and RANKL), a mineral resorption indicator (TRAP), and a cell migration and adhesion molecule for tissue regeneration (fibronectin) within the complex were localized and correlated with changes in PDL-space (functional space). At 4 days of ligation, the functional space of the distal complex was widened compared to controls and was positively correlated with an increased expression of TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>. At 8 and 15 days, the number of RANKL(+) cells decreased near the mesial alveolar bone crest (ABC) but increased at the distal ABC. TRAP(+) cells on both sides of the complex significantly increased at 8 days. A gradual change in fibronectin expression from the distal PDL-secondary cementum interfaces through precementum layers was observed when compared to increased and abrupt changes at the mesial PDL-cementum and PDL-bone interfaces in ligated and control groups. Based on our results, we hypothesize that compromised strain fields can be created in a diseased periodontium, which in response to prolonged function can significantly alter the original bone and apical cementum formations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/876316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,2]],"date-time":"2013-07-02T21:01:45Z","timestamp":1372798905000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Adaptive Nature of the Bone-Periodontal Ligament-Cementum Complex in a Ligature-Induced Periodontitis Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Ji-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy 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