{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T13:32:53Z","timestamp":1774359173633,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Case Reports in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. In the United States, ischemic stroke in HIV-infected patients has increased by 60%. However, unexpected cardiovascular events in relatively young patients have been observed.<jats:italic>Clinical Vignette.<\/jats:italic>A 31-year-old male who presented with a 5-hour history of sudden onset slurred speech and left hemiplegia. He has medical history of HIV infection for 2 years taking ARTs. On exam, a significant left hemiparesis was noticed. Brain MRI showed right anterior corona radiata and basal ganglia acute infarction.<jats:italic>Discussion.<\/jats:italic>Several mechanisms have been proposed for the relationship between HIV infection and cardiovascular risk. (i) HIV-associated dyslipidemia: HIV-infected patients tend to develop decrease in HDL-c and LDL-c levels. ART was associated with an increase in LDL-c but little change in HDL-c. (ii) Endothelial dysfunction: certain antiretroviral agents may independently contribute to endothelial damage. (iii) Hypertension: systolic blood pressure is higher in those using ART for greater than five years. (iv) Insulin resistance and diabetes have been noticed with ART. (v) Chronic inflammation. (vi) Hypercoagulability: decrease in proteins C and S was associated with HIV infection.<jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>Poorly controlled HIV infection and\/or the introduction of ATR might be risk factors for cardiovascular events. More studies needed to address this medical dilemma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/892054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T17:02:02Z","timestamp":1377795722000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HIV Infection and Acute Stroke: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7459-5527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hussein","family":"Assallum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, 234 E 149th Steet, Bronx, NY 10451, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alkayem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, 234 E 149th Steet, Bronx, NY 10451, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nehad","family":"Shabarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, 234 E 149th Steet, Bronx, NY 10451, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820a0cfc"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13802-0"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200311210-00010"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/897908"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31825c7f24"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0334"},{"issue":"23","key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212033272306","volume":"327","year":"1992","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2009.02.003"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.74.5.1045"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.22.2978"},{"issue":"2","key":"11","first-page":"199","volume":"39","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050203"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000183744.38509.de"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.04.049"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328306a6db"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200303280-00020"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.06.005"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283389dfa"},{"issue":"9","key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000171410.76607.f8","volume":"19","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.10.1179"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181a9992c"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181e66216"},{"issue":"6","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1656145","volume":"77","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"issue":"1","key":"24","first-page":"208","volume":"80","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"issue":"4","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/107602960300900408","volume":"9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical and Applied Thrombosis\/Hemostasis"}],"container-title":["Case Reports in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/crim\/2013\/892054.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/crim\/2013\/892054.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/crim\/2013\/892054.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T12:32:45Z","timestamp":1563798765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/crim\/2013\/892054\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["892054","892054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/892054","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9627","1687-9635"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9627","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9635","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}