{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:32:38Z","timestamp":1790148758480,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>is the causative agent of a major zoonosis with cosmopolitan distribution and is known to be transmitted mainly by the ingestion of undercooked or raw animal products. Drinking unpasteurized goat\u2019s milk is a risk factor associated with human toxoplasmosis. However, very little is known about the excretion of DNA in goat milk. Aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>infection using a modified agglutination test (MAT), to detect<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>DNA by nested-PCR (n-PCR) in samples of blood and milk from seropositive goats, and to genotype DNA isolates using 11 molecular markers in 127 adult lactating goats from 6 farms in Italy. Positive MAT results were found in 60.6% of goats while 13% of blood and milk samples from seropositive goats were positive to n-PCR. A kappa coefficient of 1 indicated a perfect agreement between blood and milk n-PCR. Genetic characterization of isolates revealed the occurrence of genotype III (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>7<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), genotype I (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), and atypical genotypes with hints for genotype I (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Our results suggest that the risk of excretion of<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>tachyzoites might frequently occur in milk of seropositive goats testing positive to n-PCR on blood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/905326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,4]],"date-time":"2013-09-04T17:04:39Z","timestamp":1378314279000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Seroprevalence, Detection of DNA in Blood and Milk, and Genotyping of<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>in a Goat Population in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3301-3778","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Mancianti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Nardoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0559-7451","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlo","family":"D'Ascenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4320-4770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Pedonese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Mugnaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filomena","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Papini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601438103"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.1017"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.03.023"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.01.005"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.06.007"},{"key":"6","year":"2010"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X"},{"issue":"2","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000200033","volume":"104","year":"2009","journal-title":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.03.006"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00023-X"},{"issue":"3","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761984000300007","volume":"79","year":"1984","journal-title":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.248.14.1728"},{"issue":"3","key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549009027060","volume":"22","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1645\/12-103.1","volume":"99","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1645\/12-27.1","volume":"99","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"issue":"4","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029902005848","volume":"69","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Research"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2009.11.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"20","first-page":"634","volume":"41","year":"2000","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991065"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.07.012"},{"issue":"1","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900116","volume":"19","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00086-3"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.02.027"},{"key":"26","first-page":"25","volume":"583","year":"2007","journal-title":"The EFSA Journal"},{"key":"27","first-page":"73S","volume":"46","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1311","volume":"10","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.12.007"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00301-0"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.08.020"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.06.009"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.08.001"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.55"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2563"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1362.1"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.03.001"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.10.026"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595793"},{"issue":"17","key":"40","first-page":"221","volume":"18","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Microbioliogy and Infection"},{"issue":"11","key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis258","volume":"54","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.101642"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.02.005"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1906"},{"issue":"2","key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102001000200002","volume":"35","year":"2001","journal-title":"Revista de Saude Publica"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks075"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/905326.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/905326.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/905326.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T05:12:32Z","timestamp":1563858752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/905326\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["905326","905326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/905326","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}