{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T17:51:55Z","timestamp":1792864315823,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011039","name":"Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["D10PC20021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D10PC20021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensemaking is the active process of constructing a meaningful representation (i.e., making sense) of some complex aspect of the world. In relation to intelligence analysis, sensemaking is the act of finding and interpreting relevant facts amongst the sea of incoming reports, images, and intelligence. We present a cognitive model of core information-foraging and hypothesis-updating sensemaking processes applied to complex spatial probability estimation and decision-making tasks. While the model was developed in a hybrid symbolic-statistical cognitive architecture, its correspondence to neural frameworks in terms of both structure and mechanisms provided a direct bridge between rational and neural levels of description. Compared against data from two participant groups, the model correctly predicted both the presence and degree of four biases: confirmation, anchoring and adjustment, representativeness, and probability matching. It also favorably predicted human performance in generating probability distributions across categories, assigning resources based on these distributions, and selecting relevant features given a prior probability distribution. This model provides a constrained theoretical framework describing cognitive biases as arising from three interacting factors: the structure of the task environment, the mechanisms and limitations of the cognitive architecture, and the use of strategies to adapt to the dual constraints of cognition and the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/921695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T21:36:04Z","timestamp":1383687364000},"page":"1-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A Functional Model of Sensemaking in a Neurocognitive Architecture"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Lebiere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9018-4880","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Pirolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9298-2870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaehyon","family":"Paik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Rutledge-Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Staszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","year":"2007"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.1036"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2006.75"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2006.100"},{"key":"7","first-page":"269","volume-title":"From the mind's eye of the user: the sense-making of qualitative-quantitative methodology","year":"2003"},{"key":"8","year":"1995"},{"key":"9","year":"1999"},{"key":"10","first-page":"281","volume-title":"What makes intelligence analysis difficult? 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