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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) polymorphisms have been associated with a variety of metabolic and kidney disorders. We therefore hypothesized that PPAR polymorphisms might be involved in the pathophysiology of PNS. We compared the distributions of the PPAR-\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    Pro12Ala and Val290Met, PPAR-\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    coactivator-\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    (PGC-1\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ) Gly482Ser, and PPAR-\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    Leu162Val single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between children with PNS and normal controls and analyzed their correlations with clinical and metabolic indicators and steroid responsiveness. There were no significant differences in distributions of any of the polymorphisms between PNS cases and controls. However, PNS patients with the PPAR-\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    (Pro12Ala) PP genotype had significantly higher fasting serum insulin, IgA, and HOMA-IR levels and lower insulin sensitivity than did patients with PA and AA genotypes. Additionally, the PGC-1\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    (Gly482Ser) A allele was associated with lower CD8+ T-cell counts and higher triglyceride and complement C3 levels compared with the G allele. No polymorphisms were related to hormone sensitivity. These results suggest that the PPAR-\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    (Pro12Ala) and PGC-1\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    (Gly482Ser) SNPs may influence insulin and triglyceride metabolism in children with PNS and may thus be relevant to the prognosis of this chronic condition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/927915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,11]],"date-time":"2013-09-11T17:02:02Z","timestamp":1378918922000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Correlation between PPAR Gene Polymorphisms and Primary Nephrotic Syndrome in Children"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Jiaping","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children\u2019s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guixia","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children\u2019s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, 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