{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:22:04Z","timestamp":1789442524969,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011-2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011-2096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002803","name":"Fondazione Cariplo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011-2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011-2096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytotoxicity of cadmium-containing silica nanoparticles Cd-SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs (0.05\u2013100\u2009\u00b5g\/mL) versus SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs and CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>was evaluated by an<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>test battery in A549 by assessing (i) mitochondrial function, (ii) membrane integrity\/cell morphology, (iii) cell growth\/proliferation, (iv) apoptotic pathway, (v) oxidative stress, after short- (24\u201348\u2009h) and long-term (10 days) exposure. Both Cd-SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs and CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>produced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects: (i)<jats:italic>MTT-assay<\/jats:italic>: similar cytotoxicity pattern was observed at both 24 and 48\u2009h, with a more Cd-SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs pronounced effect than CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Cd-SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs induced mortality (about 50%) at 1\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL, CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>at 25\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL; (ii)<jats:italic>calcein-AM\/PI staining<\/jats:italic>: decrease in cell viability, noticeable at 25\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL, enhanced markedly at 50 and 100\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL, after 24\u2009h. Cd-SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs induced higher mortality than CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(25% versus 4%, resp., at 25\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL) with further exacerbation after 48h; (iii)<jats:italic>clonogenic assay<\/jats:italic>: exposure for longer period (10 days) compromised the A549 proliferative capacity at very low dose (0.05\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL); (iv) a progressive activation of<jats:italic>caspase-3 immunolabelling<\/jats:italic>was detected already at 1\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL; (v) GSH intracellular level was modified by all compounds. In summary,<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>data demonstrated that both Cd-SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs and CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>affected all investigated endpoints, more markedly after Cd-SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs, while SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs influenced GSH only.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/931785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T03:27:40Z","timestamp":1380598060000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>Toxicity Evaluation of Engineered Cadmium-Coated Silica Nanoparticles on Human Pulmonary Cells"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8423-2954","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Uliana","family":"De Simone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, 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