{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:29:58Z","timestamp":1791181798353,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease (BD) is universally recognized as a multisystemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology with chronic course and unpredictable exacerbations: its clinical spectrum varies from pure vasculitic manifestations with thrombotic complications to protean inflammatory involvement of multiple organs and tissues. Treatment has been revolutionized by the progressed knowledge in the pathogenetic mechanisms of BD, involving dysfunction and oversecretion of multiple proinflammatory molecules, chiefly tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-)\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , interleukin- (IL-) 1\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and IL-6. However, although biological treatment with anti-TNF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    agents has been largely demonstrated to be effective in BD, not all patients are definite responders, and this beneficial response might drop off over time. Therefore, additional therapies for a subset of refractory patients with BD are inevitably needed. Different agents targeting various cytokines and their receptors or cell surface molecules have been studied: the IL-1 receptor has been targeted by anakinra, the IL-1 by canakinumab and gevokizumab, the IL-6 receptor by tocilizumab, the IL12\/23 receptor by ustekinumab, and the B-lymphocyte antigen CD-20 by rituximab. The aim of this review is to summarize all current experiences and the most recent evidence regarding these novel approaches with biological drugs other than TNF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    blockers in BD, providing a valuable addition to the actually available therapeutic armamentarium.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/107421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T12:34:26Z","timestamp":1404218066000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Biological Treatments in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Disease: Beyond Anti-TNF Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8928-2520","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesco","family":"Caso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Center of Systemic Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 1, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via S. 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