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It was recently concluded that 3.3\u20137.9 million women (&gt;18\u2009years old) in the United States exhibit BPS\/IC symptoms. The impact of BPS\/IC on quality of life is enormous and the economic burden is significant. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of BPS\/IC are unknown, numerous theories including infection, inflammation, autoimmune disorder, toxic urinary agents, urothelial dysfunction, and neurogenic causes have been proposed. Altered visceral sensations from the urinary bladder (i.e., pain at low or moderate bladder filling) that accompany BPS\/IC may be mediated by many factors including changes in the properties of peripheral bladder afferent pathways such that bladder afferent neurons respond in an exaggerated manner to normally innocuous stimuli (allodynia). The goals for this review are to describe chemokine\/receptor (CXCL12\/CXCR4; CCL2\/CCR2) signaling and cytokine\/receptor (transforming growth factor (TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>)\/TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>type 1 receptor) signaling that may be valuable LUT targets for pharmacologic therapy to improve urinary bladder function and reduce somatic sensitivity associated with urinary bladder inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/120525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]],"date-time":"2014-03-12T21:00:44Z","timestamp":1394658044000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The Role(s) of Cytokines\/Chemokines in Urinary Bladder Inflammation and Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, D405A Given Research Building, 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