{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T08:22:03Z","timestamp":1761985323997,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Red Colaborativa de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Tropicales","award":["FIS PI07\/90689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS PI07\/90689"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Analytical Cellular Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Coinfections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and infectious agents have been recognized since the early 90s. In the central nervous system (CNS) of HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>patients, parasitic protozoans like<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>have been described as responsible for the space occupying lesions (SOL) developed. However, the involvement of<jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>is also described but appears to be less frequent in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and transplant recipients, associated with necrotizing myocarditis and neurological symptoms related to the occurrence of necrotizing pseudotumoral encephalitis (NPE) and meningoencephalitis (NME). The present work aims to present a Venezuelan case of NME associated with the coinfection of HIV and a<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>-like trypanosomatid as well as its evolution and diagnosis by histopathological techniques, electron microscopy, and PCR methods using formalin-fixed- (FF-) and paraffin-embedded- (PE-) tissues. Postmortem cytological studies of leptomeninges imprints reveal the presence of trypomastigotes of<jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>sp. Histopathological and electron microscopy studies allowed us to identify an amastigote stage and to reject the involvement of other opportunistic microorganisms as the etiological agent of the SOL. The definitive confirmation of<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>as the etiological agent was achieved by PCR suggesting that the NME by<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>was due to a reactivation of Chagas\u2019 disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/124795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,12]],"date-time":"2015-01-12T14:53:53Z","timestamp":1421074433000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/i>Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in a Venezuelan HIV<sup>+<\/sup>-AIDS Patient: Pathological Diagnosis Confirmed by PCR Using Formalin-Fixed- and Paraffin-Embedded-Tissues"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Marcello Salvatore","family":"Rossi Spadafora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Toxoplasmosis and Intestinal Protozoosis, Department of Parasitology, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Carretera de Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 22, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Section of Research on Ultrastructural Pathology and Molecular Biology, Jos\u00e9 A. O\u2019Daly Institute for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas 1080-A, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghislaine","family":"C\u00e9spedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neuropathology, Jos\u00e9 A. O\u2019Daly Institute for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas 1080-A, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Nephropathology, Jos\u00e9 A. 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