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Their coexistence necessitates the design of new mechanisms that can differentiate network states more precisely. In this paper, a method is proposed to distinguish between the two reasons of packet losses in hybrid wired-wireless networks (i.e., congestions and wireless link errors) and calculate the probability of network congestion in the former case. This method combines the information contained in CE bits of a sequence of ECN-enabled acknowledge packets to calculate the probability of network congestion; thus it is more accurate than methods using CE bits of a single acknowledge packet. Analysis on the effectiveness of the proposed method in calculating congestion probability is performed via simulations. The ability to differentiate precise network states helps a TCP source response to ECN feedback more adaptively. We discuss how to enhance existing TCP variants with the proposed method. Simulation results show that the enhanced TCP variants can effectively improve network performance. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/134620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,16]],"date-time":"2014-03-16T21:00:42Z","timestamp":1395003642000},"page":"134620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["ECN-Based Congestion Probability Prediction over Hybrid Wired-Wireless Networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Electronic Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Electronic Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/997150.997159"},{"key":"B2-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1360\/jos160434"},{"key":"B3-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/205511.205512"},{"key":"B6-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964725.633035"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Conference of Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM '05)","author":"Xia Y.","key":"B7-2014-134620"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Conference of Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM '12)","author":"Vamanan B.","key":"B8-2014-134620"},{"key":"B9-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2013.02.006"},{"key":"B10-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2011.5949181"},{"key":"B11-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC.2009.38"},{"key":"B12-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2008.ECP.485"},{"key":"B13-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2009.5426144"},{"first-page":"250","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Information Systems for Enhanced Public Safety and Security EUROCOMM","author":"Peng F.","key":"B14-2014-134620"},{"key":"B15-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2004.825989"},{"first-page":"1794","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM '02)","author":"Bae S.-J.","key":"B16-2014-134620"},{"first-page":"3565","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC '05)","author":"Peng F.","key":"B17-2014-134620"},{"key":"B18-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNT.2010.36"},{"key":"B19-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICYCS.2008.103"},{"key":"B20-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2005.1578457"},{"key":"B21-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.512261"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN '01)","author":"Durresi A.","key":"B22-2014-134620"},{"key":"B23-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2006.08.005"},{"key":"B24-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2010.2043388"},{"key":"B25-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1851182.1851192"},{"key":"B27-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1286(00)00167-5"},{"key":"B28-2014-134620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2009.12.001"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Conference of Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM '97)","author":"Lin D.","key":"B31-2014-134620"},{"first-page":"1726","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Conference International on Computer and Communications Societies","author":"Hollot C. 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