{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T19:31:09Z","timestamp":1784748669520,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416873600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004960","name":"Autonomous University of the State of Mexico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["3452\/2013 CHT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3452\/2013 CHT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004960","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Scholarly Research Notices"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background.<\/jats:italic> Although the direct cause of chronic periodontitis is bacterial infection, the progression of this disease depends on genetic and environmental factors, and smoking is a known risk factor in the development and severity of the disease. An individual\u2019s susceptibility may be influenced by polymorphisms in the glutathione S-transferase genes. These genes encode enzymes that metabolize xenobiotic compounds. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms in Mexicans with chronic periodontitis. <jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic> 60 Mexicans with chronic periodontitis (30 smokers and 30 nonsmokers) were studied. A peripheral blood sample was taken for subsequent DNA extraction. The genetic material was PCR-amplified followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism with the aim of identifying GST polymorphisms. <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic> Polymorphisms in the GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes were not significantly different between the smokers and nonsmokers. However, there were significant differences <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mml:mo><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mml:mo><\/mml:math> between groups in polymorphisms in the GSTM1 gene. The patients with chronic periodontitis have a higher frequency of null and mutant polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 compared with historical data from a healthy Mexican population. <jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic> The presence of these polymorphisms may be a risk factor for the development of chronic periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/135368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T21:00:29Z","timestamp":1416949229000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Polymorphisms in Glutathione S-Transferase M1, T1, and P1 in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Victor Raul","family":"Camargo Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research and Advanced Studies in Dentistry (CIEAO), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50130 Toluca, MEX, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leliette Deyanira","family":"Bravo L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research and Advanced Studies in Dentistry (CIEAO), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50130 Toluca, MEX, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Visoso Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research and Advanced Studies in Dentistry (CIEAO), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50130 Toluca, MEX, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Mejia Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center (CICMED), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50130 Toluca, MEX, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julieta","family":"Castillo Cadena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research 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