{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:09:02Z","timestamp":1777370942189,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on hospital duopoly with price and quality competition. A CSR hospital is defined in this paper that cares about not only the profit but also the patient benefit. We start our analysis by establishing a two-stage Hotelling model with and without CSR. Results indicate that privatization mechanism may not be the best way of improving medical quality. Competition between hospitals with zero-CSR would lower the equilibrium qualities compared to the first-best level. So the coexistence of a public (more accurately, partial public) and a private hospital might be more efficient than a private-private hospital duopoly. During the competition with CSR in price and quality, social welfare level acts in accordance with an inverted U-shaped trajectory as CSR degree increases. The main reason lies in tha fact that optimal degree of CSR is determined by the trade-off between the benefit of quality improvement and the cost of quality investment. Numerical simulation shows that the optimal degree of CSR is less than a third.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/152060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]],"date-time":"2014-04-02T19:05:06Z","timestamp":1396465506000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["CSR Impact on Hospital Duopoly with Price and Quality Competition"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7386-9987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Youguang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Industrial Economics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9442.2011.01647.x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-008-0120-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1023\/B:IHFE.0000043762.33274.4f","volume":"4","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics"},{"issue":"7","key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.7.3214","volume":"102","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-004-0268-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(98)00051-6","volume":"70","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00712-008-0020-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"15","first-page":"1","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"Economics Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00174411","volume":"11","year":"1996","journal-title":"Review of Industrial Organization"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00712-004-0098-z"},{"key":"5","year":"1970","journal-title":"The New York Times Magazine"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105864001300122548"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2012.02.008"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2307\/2224214","volume":"39","year":"1929","journal-title":"Economic Journal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2014\/152060.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2014\/152060.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2014\/152060.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T06:52:33Z","timestamp":1498114353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2014\/152060\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":14,"alternative-id":["152060","152060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/152060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1110-757X","1687-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1110-757X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-0042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}