{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:45:27Z","timestamp":1782513927096,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. Determining the etiology of unexplained leukocytosis in asymptomatic patients may incur unnecessary testing, cost, and prolonged emergency department stay. The objective was to delineate if use of amphetamines and\/or cocaine is a factor.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. For two years we reviewed all psychiatric patients presenting for medical clearance with exclusions for infection, epilepsy, trauma, or other nonpsychiatric medical conditions.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. With a total of 1,206 patients, 877 (72.7%) amphetamines\/cocaine-negative drug screen controls had mean WBC<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">8.4<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2.6<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">3<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:math>\/<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>L. The 240 (19.9%) amphetamines-positive, cocaine-negative, patients had WBC<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">9.4<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">3.3<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">3<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:math>\/<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>L (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). The 72 (6.0%) amphetamines-negative, cocaine-positive, patients had WBC<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">7.1<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">1.8<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">3<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:math>\/<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>L (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). The remaining 17 (1.4%) amphetamines\/cocaine-positive patients had WBC<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">10.0<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">4.2<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">3<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:math>\/<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>L (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Amphetamines-positive patients had a supranormal WBC ratio significantly higher than controls (23.8% versus 14.8%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), whereas only one cocaine-positive patient had a supranormal WBC count, with significantly lower ratio (1.4%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.0003<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>).<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Use of amphetamines, not cocaine, may be associated with idiopathic leukocytosis. This may be explained by unique pharmacologic, neuroendocrine, and immunomodulatory differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/207651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]],"date-time":"2014-01-23T06:26:29Z","timestamp":1390458389000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Association of Leukocytosis with Amphetamine and Cocaine Use"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, PSSB 2100, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2315 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria F.","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, PSSB 2100, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2315 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris S.","family":"Clingan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, PSSB 2100, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2315 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1","first-page":"198","volume":"170","year":"1999","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.11.094"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490701756070"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2013.03.002"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2012.1.6754"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.01.064"},{"issue":"2","key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1983.11697759","volume":"73","year":"1983","journal-title":"Postgraduate Medicine"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04198.x"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1474-8673.2003.00280.x"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.04.011"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-012-9334-7"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1996.0009"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.08.005"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1591(03)00054-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"16","first-page":"51","volume":"40","year":"1992","journal-title":"Therapia Hungarica"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/174313209X383259"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950200058014"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.11.018"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)00049-W"},{"issue":"12","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3504::AID-IMMU3504>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"31","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.2.848","volume":"176","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.10.015"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00280-1"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.07.013"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1652fje"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00176-9"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)00962-4"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00170-2"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.516752"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1033-13.2013"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03165970"},{"key":"33","first-page":"125","volume":"57","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.070961"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1179-08.2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"36","first-page":"23","volume":"5","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.55.477"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.21.2307"},{"issue":"6","key":"39","first-page":"H2954","volume":"279","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979409029897"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033822"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.940569"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00083-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22203-0","volume":"246","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(00)00051-5"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00725-8"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0192-0561(99)00023-5"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)00601-2"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020804"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.112797"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1996.0235"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2003.10.020"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1251"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FP0072106"}],"container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2014\/207651.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2014\/207651.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2014\/207651.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T16:49:46Z","timestamp":1746118186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2014\/207651\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["207651","207651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/207651","relation":{},"ISSN":["2356-6140","1537-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2356-6140","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}