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Therefore, we investigated the risk markers of VL within nonimmune sector. Analyzing infected symptomatic and, asymptomatic, and noninfected individuals, VL patients presented with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated triacylglycerol (TAG), and elevated very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels. A polymorphism analysis of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene using HindIII restriction digestion (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 156 samples) (H+ = the presence and H\u2212 = the absence of mutation) revealed an increased adjusted odds ratio (OR) of VL versus noninfected individuals when the H+\/H+ was compared with the H\u2212\/H\u2212 genotype (OR = 21.3; 95% CI = 2.32\u20133335.3;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.003). The H+\/H+ genotype and the H+ allele were associated with elevated VLDL-C and TAG levels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) and reduced HDL-C levels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). An analysis of the L162V polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR\u03b1) gene (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 248) revealed an increased adjusted OR when the Leu\/Val was compared with the Leu\/Leu genotype (OR = 8.77; 95% CI = 1.41\u201378.70;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.014). High TAG (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.021) and VLDL-C (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.023) levels were associated with susceptibility to VL, whereas low HDL (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.006) levels with resistance to infection. The mutated LPL and the PPAR\u03b1 Leu\/Val genotypes may be considered risk markers for the development of VL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/230129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]],"date-time":"2014-08-27T21:01:39Z","timestamp":1409173299000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Lipoprotein Lipase and PPAR Alpha Gene Polymorphisms, Increased Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels, and Decreased High-Density Lipoprotein Levels as Risk Markers for the Development of Visceral Leishmaniasis by<i>Leishmania infantum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"M\u00e1rcia Dias Teixeira","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Dr. En\u00e9as de Carvalho Aguiar 470, Pr\u00e9dio II, 4\u00b0 Andar, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, 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