{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T11:33:26Z","timestamp":1771068806547,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emergency Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background and Scope<\/jats:italic>. Early etiologic diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtype guides acute management and treatment. We aim to evaluate if plasma biomarkers can predict stroke subtypes in the early phase from stroke onset.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. Plasma N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), D-dimer, C-reactive protein, serum albumin, and globulin levels have been investigated in 114 consecutive patients presenting at the emergency room within 6 hours of the ischemic stroke onset. Plasma levels of biomarkers have been correlated with stroke aetiology (based on TOAST criteria) by multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusted for several covariates.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Of the 114 patients, 34 (30%) had cardioembolic stroke, 27 (23%) atherothrombotic stroke, 19 (17%) lacunar stroke, and 34 (30%) stroke of undetermined origin. Patients with cardioembolic stroke had significantly higher levels of NT-proBNP and lower globulin\/albumin (G\/A) ratio compared with the other subgroups. At multiple logistic regression NT-proBN<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mtext mathvariant=\"normal\">P<\/mml:mtext><mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>200<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>\u2009pg\/mL, G\/A rati<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mtext mathvariant=\"normal\">o<\/mml:mtext><mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.70,<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>and NIHSS score were independent predictors of cardioembolic stroke with high accuracy of the model, either including (AUC, 0.91) or excluding (AUC, 0.84) atrial fibrillation.<jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. A prediction model that includes NT-proBNP, G\/A ratio, and NIHSS score can be useful for the early etiologic diagnosis of ischemic stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/242171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,9]],"date-time":"2014-03-09T09:18:27Z","timestamp":1394356707000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Bioclinical Pattern for the Early Diagnosis of Cardioembolic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Zecca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda OspedaleMaggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Mandelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda OspedaleMaggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Maino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Casiraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda OspedaleMaggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanbattista","family":"Bolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Disease Institute, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Consonni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Santalucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda OspedaleMaggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Scientific Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Torgano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda OspedaleMaggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35","volume":"24","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.03.029"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000162751.54349.ae"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000341858","volume":"34","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000083249"},{"issue":"9","key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.31.1695","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension Research"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328517"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.1475"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-8-45"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.505354"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155640"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/DMA-2009-0630"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.18.1477"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000042673.07632.76"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.01.067"},{"issue":"10","key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117176","volume":"140","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.230870"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.11.062"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.01.026"},{"issue":"2","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.2.307","volume":"28","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93206-O"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)89176-X"},{"issue":"3","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.76.3.232","volume":"76","year":"1996","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.01.034"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2008.150342"},{"issue":"24","key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4901.101760","volume":"104","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.9.1093","volume":"89","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"2","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.2.162","volume":"22","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157340310791658767"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000210433"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/emi\/2014\/242171.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/emi\/2014\/242171.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/emi\/2014\/242171.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T09:17:15Z","timestamp":1498123035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/emi\/2014\/242171\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["242171","242171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/242171","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-2840","2090-2859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-2840","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-2859","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}