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used as a genetic adjuvant to enhance the systemic immune responses. To further investigate whether it can also be used as a genetic adjuvant to improve mucosal immune responses, we constructed DNA and recombinant Tiantan vaccinia (rTTV) vaccines expressing OVA-CTB fusion antigen. Female C57BL\/6 mice were immunized with an intranasal DNA priming\/intramuscular rTTV boosting regimen. OVA specific T-cell responses were measured by IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>ELISPOT and specific antibody responses were determined by ELISA. Compared to the nonadjuvant group (pSV-OVA intranasal priming\/rTTV-OVA intramuscular boosting), pSV-OVA-CTB intranasal priming\/rTTV-OVA-CTB intramuscular boosting group significantly improved the magnitudes of T-cell responses at spleen (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mn>1562<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>567<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>SFCs\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>splenocytes versus<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mn>330<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>182<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>SFCs\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>splenocytes,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), mesenteric LN (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mn>96<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>83<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>SFCs\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>lymphocytes versus<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>SFCs\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>lymphocytes,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), draining LNs of respiratory tract (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mn>109<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>60<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>SFCs\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>lymphocytes versus<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>SFCs\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>lymphocytes,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) and female genital tract (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\"><mml:mn>89<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>48<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>SFCs\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>lymphocytes versus<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M11\"><mml:mn>23<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>21<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>SFCs\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>lymphocytes,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M12\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). These results collectively demonstrated that fusion-expressed CTB could act as a potent adjuvant to improve both systemic and mucosal T-cell responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/308732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T21:02:19Z","timestamp":1396386139000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fusion-Expressed CTB Improves Both Systemic and Mucosal T-Cell Responses Elicited by an Intranasal DNA Priming\/Intramuscular Recombinant Vaccinia Boosting Regimen"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Sugan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, 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