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However, designing routing protocols for 3D UWSNs is a challenging task due to stringent constraints imposed by acoustic communications and high energy consumption in acoustic modems. In this paper, we present an ultrasonic frog calling algorithm (UFCA) that aims to achieve energy-efficient routing under harsh underwater conditions of UWSNs. In UFCA, the process of selecting relay nodes to forward the data packet is similar to that of calling behavior of ultrasonic frog for mating. We define the gravity function to represent the attractiveness from one sensor node to another. In order to save energy, different sensor nodes adopt different transmission radius and the values can be tuned dynamically according to their residual energy. Moreover, the sensor nodes that own less energy or locate in worse places choose to enter sleep mode for the purpose of saving energy. Simulation results show the performance improvement in metrics of packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, throughput, and end-to-end delay as compared to existing state-of-the-art routing protocols. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/351520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]],"date-time":"2014-02-13T21:03:00Z","timestamp":1392325380000},"page":"351520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["An Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Inspired by Ultrasonic Frogs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3266-2258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, 1550 Haigang Avenue, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangzhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, 1550 Haigang Avenue, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huafeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, 1550 Haigang Avenue, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004"},{"key":"B2-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2011.2175003"},{"key":"B3-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2012.2197271"},{"key":"B4-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2010.2080410"},{"key":"B5-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2011.2163538"},{"key":"B6-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2008.07.010"},{"key":"B7-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2011.06.009"},{"key":"B8-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04416"},{"key":"B9-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06719"},{"key":"B10-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1339"},{"key":"B11-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2006.1637927"},{"key":"B12-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1161039.1161043"},{"first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceeding of the OCEANS '07","author":"Tan H.-P.","key":"B13-2014-351520"},{"first-page":"298","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM '06)","author":"Pompili D.","key":"B15-2014-351520"},{"key":"B16-2014-351520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11753810_111"},{"first-page":"75","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Underwater Networks (WUWNet '08)","author":"Jornet J. 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