{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T11:09:59Z","timestamp":1773745799756,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hasso Plattner Foundation","award":["NIH K01-TW007793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH K01-TW007793"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH K01-TW007793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH K01-TW007793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH K01-TW007793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH K01-TW007793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>. We sought to determine the association between HIV-induced immunosuppression, virologic correlates, and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC).<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. This is a retrospective cohort study, where HIV infected and uninfected women were studied with VVC being the primary outcome. Ninety-seven HIV-infected and 101 HIV-uninfected women were enrolled between June and December 2011. Cases of VVC were confirmed. HIV RNA load was determined by RT-PCR and CD4 counts were obtained from medical records.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Fifty-two of 97 (53.6%) HIV-infected and 38\/101 (37.6%) HIV-uninfected women were diagnosed with VVC (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.032<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). The relative risk for VVC amongst HIV-infected patients was 1.53 (95% CI: 1.04\u20132<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.024<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Cases of VVC increased at CD4+ T cell count below 200\u2009cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>(<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) and plasma HIV RNA load above 10 000\u2009copies\/mL (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). VVC was associated with increased genital shedding of HIV (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.002<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), and there was a linear correlation between plasma HIV load and genital HIV shedding (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.540<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>;<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.292<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>;<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Women on HAART were 4-fold less likely (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.029<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) to develop VVC.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. CD4 counts below 200\u2009cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>and plasma HIV loads \u226510 000\u2009copies\/mL were significantly associated with VVC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/387070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,29]],"date-time":"2014-04-29T07:30:29Z","timestamp":1398756629000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Determinants of Symptomatic Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Women in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1329-3864","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teke","family":"Apalata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control and Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag 7, Congella, Durban 4013, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, Mthatha, Eastern Cape 5117, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Pathogenesis Programme (HPP), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag 7, Congella, Durban 4013, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willem A.","family":"Sturm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control and Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag 7, Congella, Durban 4013, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5164-6296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Longo-Mbenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, Mthatha, Eastern Cape 5117, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prashini","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control and Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag 7, Congella, Durban 4013, South 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