{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T16:23:19Z","timestamp":1771950199301,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Case Reports in Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>. Insulin allergy is a rare complication of insulin therapy, especially in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Key manifestations are hypersensitivity-related symptoms and poor metabolic control. T1DM, as well as insulin allergy, may develop in the context of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS), further complicating management.<jats:italic>Case Report<\/jats:italic>. A 17-year-old male patient, diagnosed with T1DM, was treated with various insulin therapy schemes over several months, which resulted in recurrent anaphylactoid reactions and poor glycemic control, after which he was referred to our Endocrinology and Immunology Department. A prick test was carried out for all commercially available insulin presentations and another insulin scheme was designed but proved unsuccessful. A desensitization protocol was started with Glargine alongside administration of Prednisone, which successfully induced tolerance. Observation of skin lesions typical of vitiligo prompted laboratory workup for other autoimmune disorders, which returned positive for autoimmune gastritis\/pernicious anemia. These findings are compatible with APS type 4.<jats:italic>Discussion<\/jats:italic>. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of insulin allergy in type 4 APS, as well as this particular combination in APS. Etiopathogenic components shared by insulin allergy and APS beg for further research in immunogenetics to further comprehend pathophysiologic aspects of these diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/394754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,20]],"date-time":"2014-11-20T05:19:54Z","timestamp":1416460794000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Successful Management of Insulin Allergy and Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 4 with Desensitization Therapy and Glucocorticoid Treatment: A Case Report and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4994-075X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joselyn","family":"Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine The University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela"},{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Maracaibo University Hospital (SAHUM), Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Villalobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine The University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela"},{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Maracaibo University Hospital (SAHUM), Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Sof\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine The University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mervin","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine The University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7068-0190","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wheeler","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine The University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Mej\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine The University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Miquilena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine The University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valmore","family":"Berm\u00fadez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine The University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S005"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mjt.0000178767.67857.63"},{"key":"3","first-page":"122","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista Venezolana de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Metabolismo"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00003.2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"5","first-page":"155","volume":"16","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"6","first-page":"459","volume":"64","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annals of Allergy"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2010.11.009"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7961-3-16"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550252948149"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70394-5"},{"issue":"6","key":"11","first-page":"221","volume":"42","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962012000600018"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4093\/kdj.2008.32.6.529","volume":"32","year":"2008","journal-title":"Korean Diabetes Journal"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(03)00114-1"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-2-283"},{"issue":"6","key":"16","first-page":"428","volume":"94","year":"2004","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.7.2216"},{"key":"18","first-page":"926","volume":"52","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Association of Physicians of India"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2010.09.010"},{"issue":"1412","key":"20","first-page":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reactions Weekly"},{"key":"21","first-page":"4","volume":"2","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Cases"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60301-8"},{"issue":"12, article 2980","key":"23","volume":"28","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-6-263"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(97)00031-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"26","first-page":"215","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8166-7-S1-I57"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060513516294","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of International Medical Research"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.2011"},{"issue":"11","key":"30","first-page":"376","volume":"67","year":"2009","journal-title":"Netherlands Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"31","first-page":"11","volume":"61","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0591-1"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2012.10.002"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.11.028"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02295.x"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(91)90091-Q"},{"issue":"6","key":"37","first-page":"421","volume":"51","year":"1996","journal-title":"Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2008.11.002"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01567.x"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01117.x"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc052463"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1573"},{"issue":"7\u201312","key":"43","first-page":"185","volume":"27","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annali dell\u2019Ospedale Maria Vittoria di Torino"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.31.8.716"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12413.x"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-013-1368-z"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.240"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1375.030"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0015"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2009.00395.x"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i3.354"},{"issue":"1","key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1981.tb00672.x","volume":"17","year":"1981","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"issue":"6","key":"53","first-page":"339","volume":"68","year":"2011","journal-title":"Przegla\u0327d Lekarski"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.01.051"}],"container-title":["Case Reports in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/crii\/2014\/394754.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/crii\/2014\/394754.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/crii\/2014\/394754.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T05:18:56Z","timestamp":1717564736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/crii\/2014\/394754\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["394754","394754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/394754","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-6609","2090-6617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-6609","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-6617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}