{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:42:18Z","timestamp":1740134538120,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Fund of Philosophy and Social Science from China","award":["11BZX060","13 & ZD186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11BZX060","13 & ZD186"]}]},{"name":"National Fund of Philosophy and Social Science from China","award":["11BZX060","13 & ZD186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11BZX060","13 & ZD186"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In real-life games, the consequence or payoff of a strategy profile and a player's belief about the consequence of a strategy profile are often ambiguous, and players may have different optimistic attitudes with respect to a strategy profile. To handle this problem, this paper proposes a decision rule using the Hurwicz criterion and Dempster-Shafer theory. Based on this rule, we introduce a new kind of games, called ambiguous games, and propose a solution concept that is appropriate for this sort of games. Moreover, we also study how the beliefs regarding possible payoffs and optimistic attitudes may affect the solutions of such a game. To illustrate our model, we provide an analysis of a scenario concerning allocating resource of defending and attacking in military contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/531987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,6]],"date-time":"2014-02-06T16:03:46Z","timestamp":1391702626000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Games under Ambiguous Payoffs and Optimistic Attitudes"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4950-4176","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Institute of Logic and Cognition, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1884324"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jal.2009.04.002"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-010-9088-7"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2010.10.005"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2011.10.015"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/int.21621"},{"key":"7"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2011.03.006"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/int.21562"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/657978"},{"issue":"3","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.14.3.159","volume":"14","year":"1967","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2008.06.010"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2010.06.005"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2010.04.006"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00199-011-0636-4"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00182-010-0235-9"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/game.1999.0739"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/int.21515"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911053"},{"volume-title":"An optimality criterion for decision-making under ignorance","year":"1972","key":"22"},{"year":"1976","key":"21"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(90)90014-S","volume":"4","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning"},{"issue":"3","key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0903_2","volume":"9","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"year":"2009","key":"27","first-page":"xviii+286"},{"issue":"2","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2307\/1969529","volume":"54","year":"1951","journal-title":"Annals of Mathematics"},{"issue":"1","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133158","volume":"40","year":"1996","journal-title":"Theory and Decision"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5876.2005.00327.x"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.1996.0129"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2014\/531987.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2014\/531987.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2014\/531987.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T03:26:38Z","timestamp":1498101998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2014\/531987\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["531987","531987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/531987","relation":{},"ISSN":["1110-757X","1687-0042"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1110-757X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-0042"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}