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The ability of increased levels of extracellular K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>to increase<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">[<\/mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Ca<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">2<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">]<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>is increased as a sign of increased K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-induced excitability in astrocytes. Acute anxiolytic drug treatment with benzodiazepines or<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>GABA<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>A<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>receptor stimulation has similar glycogenolysis-enhancing effects. The antibipolar drugs induce intracellular alkalinization in astrocytes with lithium acting on one acid extruder and carbamazepine and valproic acid on a different acid extruder. They inhibit K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-induced and transmitter-induced increase of astrocytic<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">[<\/mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Ca<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">2<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">]<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>and thereby probably excitability. In several cases, they exert different changes in gene expression than SSRIs, determined both in cultured astrocytes and in freshly isolated astrocytes from drug-treated animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/593934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T21:03:02Z","timestamp":1393275782000},"page":"1-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Signal Transduction in Astrocytes during Chronic or Acute Treatment with Drugs (SSRIs, Antibipolar Drugs, GABA-ergic Drugs, and Benzodiazepines) Ameliorating Mood Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7878-9863","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leif","family":"Hertz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 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