{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:03:08Z","timestamp":1790719388447,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,16]],"date-time":"2014-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":319,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Ricinus communis<\/jats:italic> has been utilized traditionally as medicine to treat inflammatory related diseases including wounds, sores, and boils. The leaves of <jats:italic>R. communis<\/jats:italic> were sequentially extracted with <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2010hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, and methanol using serial exhaustive extraction method. Antioxidant activity of all crude extracts was quantitatively measured against 2,2\u2032\u2010azino\u2010bis (3\u2010ethylbenzothiazoline\u20106\u2010sulphonic acid) free radical molecules using ABTS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> assay. Cytotoxic effect and anti\u2010inflammatory activity of <jats:italic>R. communis<\/jats:italic> leaves extracts were evaluated on Human Caucasian skin fibroblast and Raw 264.7 macrophage cell lines, respectively. Methanol extract had the highest percentage free radical (ABTS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) scavenging activity of 95% at 2.50\u2009mg\/mL, acetone 91%, dichloromethane 62%, and hexane the least (50%). Percentage scavenging activity of ABTS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> free radical molecules increases with increase in concentrations of the plant extracts. Hexane and dichloromethane extracts had more than 90% cell viability at 100\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/mL after 24 and 48 hours of exposure. Methanol extract had LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 784\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/mL after 24\u2010hour exposure, hexane had 629.3\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/mL and dichloromethane 573.6\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/mL, and 544.6\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/mL was the lowest with acetone extract. The study present the first report on the scavenging activity of <jats:italic>R. communis<\/jats:italic> leaf extracts against ABTS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> radicals and cytotoxic effects on human Caucasian skin fibroblast cell lines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/625961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,16]],"date-time":"2014-11-16T21:03:54Z","timestamp":1416171834000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i> Assessment of Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant, and Anti\u2010Inflammatory Activities of <i>Ricinus communis<\/i> (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf Extracts"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1874-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vhutshilo","family":"Nemudzivhadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8076-083X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Masoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2008.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"484","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of plants methanolic extracts containing phenolic compounds","volume":"8","author":"Huda-Faujan N.","year":"2009","journal-title":"African Journal of Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of some selected medicinal plants in western Region of India","volume":"4","author":"Patel V. 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