{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:32:30Z","timestamp":1761129150333},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins are of great interest due to their ability to act as mediators of pathogenesis, serodiagnostic antigens, and immunogens. Purified recombinant LigA protein is the most promising subunit vaccine candidate against leptospirosis reported to date, however, as purified proteins are weak immunogens the use of a potent adjuvant is essential for the success of LigA as a subunit vaccine. In the present study, we compared xanthan pv. pruni (strain 106), aluminium hydroxide (alhydrogel), and CpG ODN as adjuvants in a LigA subunit vaccine preparation. Xanthan gum is a high molecular weight extracellular polysaccharide produced by fermentation of<jats:italic>Xanthomonas<\/jats:italic>spp., a plant-pathogenic bacterium genus. Preparations containing xanthan induced a strong antibody response comparable to that observed when alhydrogel was used. Upon challenge with a virulent strain of<jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>serovar Copenhageni, significant protection (Fisher test,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) was observed in 100%, 100%, and 67% of hamsters immunized with rLigANI-xanthan, LigA-CpG-xanthan, and rLigANI-alhydrogel, respectively. Furthermore, xanthan did not cause cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. The use of xanthan as an adjuvant is a novel alternative for enhancing the immunogenicity of vaccines against leptospirosis and possibly against other pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/636491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]],"date-time":"2014-05-07T21:14:56Z","timestamp":1399497296000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Xanthan Gum as an Adjuvant in a Subunit Vaccine Preparation against Leptospirosis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Katia L.","family":"Bacelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daiane D.","family":"Hartwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiana K.","family":"Seixas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Schuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelita da S.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Collares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire T.","family":"Vendrusculo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan J. 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