{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:29:28Z","timestamp":1790828968417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Programs for Infectious Diseases of China","award":["2012ZX10004-210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012ZX10004-210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. The role of T follicular helper (TFH) cells in EV71-infected children remains unclear in regulating humoral immunity. The frequency of circulating ICO<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>S<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>high<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>\/PD-<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>1<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>high<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TFH cells in the children with mild and severe EV71 infection and healthy controls (HC) was detected by flow cytometry, respectively. IL-21 and IL-6 mRNA expression and their serum levels, Bcl-6 mRNA expression, and specific neutralizing antibodies against EV71 (NAb-EV71) were measured. In the acute stage of patients with EV71 infection, increased frequencies of circulating TFH cells with ICO<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>S<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>high<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>and PD-<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>1<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>high<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>expression in the mild and severe patients were observed, and the positive correlations among the frequencies of circulating TFH cells and the serum levels of IL-21, IL-6, and NAb-EV71 titres were detected, respectively. Moreover, the expressions of IL-6 and IL-21 mRNA in PBMCs from patients were also significantly higher than those of HC. However, further analysis did not reveal any significant differences between mild and severe patients. These data indicate a role of TFH cells and associated cytokines in modulating the humoral response during the pathogenesis of EV71 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/651872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T21:26:00Z","timestamp":1402521960000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Increased Frequency of Circulating Follicular Helper T Cells in Children with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Caused by Enterovirus 71 Infection"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Jianping","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, 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