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We firstly design and optimize the potency of adjuvant combinations of emulsion-based delivery systems, using EV71 candidate vaccine as a model. We then perform immunogenicity studies in mice of EV71\/CVA16 antigen combinations formulated with PELC\/CpG. A single dose of inactivated EV71 virion (0.2\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g) emulsified in submicron particles was found (i) to induce potent antigen-specific neutralizing antibody responses and (ii) consistently to elicit broad antibody responses against EV71 neutralization epitopes. A single dose immunogenicity study of bivalent activated EV71\/CVA16 virion formulated with either Alum or PELC\/CpG adjuvant showed that CVA16 antigen failed to elicit CVA16 neutralizing antibody responses and did not affect EV71-specific neutralizing antibody responses. A boosting dose of emulsified EV71\/CVA16 bivalent vaccine candidate was found to be necessary to achieve high seroconversion of CVA16-specific neutralizing antibody responses. The current results are important for the design and development of prophylactic vaccines against HFMD and other emerging infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/670506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T17:26:03Z","timestamp":1402507563000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Immunogenicity Studies of Bivalent Inactivated Virions of EV71\/CVA16 Formulated with Submicron Emulsion Systems"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6257-0389","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chia-Chyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of 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