{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:23:59Z","timestamp":1774362239337,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414540800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Scholarly Research Notices"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Gongronema latifolium<\/jats:italic> fruit has wide application in ethnomedicine, especially in maintaining healthy living and general body healing. We therefore investigated the antioxidant, immunomodulatory activities, and safety of its ethanol extract and fractions. The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> antioxidant activities of the extract and fractions were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test while <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> activities were determined using carbon tetrachloride (CCL<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) induced oxidative stress. Cell and humoral mediated immune responses were also evaluated together with toxicity studies. The extract, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions showed inhibition of DPPH radical with IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s 120, 90, and 60\u2009<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>g\/mL, respectively. Methanol fraction at 200\u2009mg\/kg produced significant (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>\u00a0<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mi>\u00a0<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) inhibition of lipid peroxidation (MDA conc. 1.2\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>mol\/L) compared to control (2.8\u2009<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>mol\/L). Both ethyl acetate and methanol fractions at 200\u2009mg\/kg produced significant (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>\u00a0<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mi>\u00a0<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) phagocytic index of 0.021 and 0.025, respectively, compared with control (0.01). Significant (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>\u00a0<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mi>\u00a0<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) elevations of white blood cells, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were noticed on the 91st day at higher doses. Generally, this study justified the traditional use of <jats:italic>G. latifolium<\/jats:italic> fruit for general body healing and maintenance of healthy living. Long term administration is safe on the haematological and biochemical systems especially at lower doses and its toxicity at higher doses is reversible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/695272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T21:03:06Z","timestamp":1414616586000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory Activities, and Safety of Ethanol Extract and Fractions of <i>Gongronema latifolium<\/i> Fruit"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Amanze","family":"Agwaramgbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State 420281, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Emeka","family":"Ilodigwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 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