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Until now the presence of virus has not been analyzed in cartilage. We screened cartilage and chondrocytes from advanced and non-\/early osteoarthritis patients for parvovirus B19, herpes simplex virus-1, Epstein Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpes virus-6, hepatitis C virus, and human endogenous retroviruses transcripts. Endogenous retroviruses transcripts, but none of the other viruses, were detected in 15 out the 17 patients. Sequencing identified the virus as HERV-WE1 and E2. HERV-W activity was confirmed by high expression levels of syncytin, dsRNA, virus budding, and the presence of virus-like particles in all advanced osteoarthritis cartilages examined. Low levels of HERV-WE1, but not E2 envelope RNA, were observed in 3 out of 8 non-\/early osteoarthritis patients, while only 3 out of 7 chondrocytes cultures displayed low levels of syncytin, and just one was positive for virus-like particles. This study demonstrates for the first time activation of HERV-W in cartilage of osteoarthritis patients; however, a causative role for HERV-W in development or deterioration of the disease remains to be proven.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/698609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T21:07:02Z","timestamp":1406063222000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Human Endogenous Retrovirus W Activity in Cartilage of Osteoarthritis Patients"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Signy","family":"Bendiksen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusveien 38, 9038 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inigo","family":"Martinez-Zubiavrra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of 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