{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:54:27Z","timestamp":1790297667604,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial infections of bones remain a serious complication of endoprosthetic surgery. These infections are difficult to treat, because many bacterial species form biofilms on implants, which are relatively resistant towards antibiotics. Bacterial biofilms elicit a progressive local inflammatory response, resulting in tissue damage and bone degradation. In the majority of patients, replacement of the prosthesis is required. To address the question of how the local inflammatory response is linked to bone degradation, tissue samples were taken during surgery and gene expression of the macrophage inflammatory proteins MIP1<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>(CCL3) and MIP2<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>(CXCL2) was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. MIPs were expressed predominantly at osteolytic sites, in close correlation with CD14 which was used as marker for monocytes\/macrophages. Colocalisation of MIPs with monocytic cells could be confirmed by histology. In vitro experiments revealed that, aside from monocytic cells, also osteoblasts were capable of MIP production when stimulated with bacteria; moreover, CCL3 induced the differentiation of monocytes to osteoclasts. In conclusion, the multifunctional chemokines CCL3 and CXCL2 are produced locally in response to bacterial infection of bones. In addition to their well described chemokine activity, these cytokines can induce generation of bone resorbing osteoclasts, thus providing a link between bacterial infection and osteolysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/728619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T21:02:19Z","timestamp":1395781339000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["The Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins MIP1<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">\u03b1<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>(CCL3) and MIP2<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">\u03b1<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>(CXCL2) in Implant-Associated Osteomyelitis: Linking Inflammation to Bone Degradation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Dapunt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstra\u00dfe 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Giese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias Martin","family":"Gaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, 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