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Air pollution is a mixture comprised of several components, of which ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM; &lt;100\u2009nm) is of much concern, as these particles can enter the circulation and distribute to most organs, including the brain. A major constituent of ambient UFPM is represented by traffic-related air pollution, mostly ascribed to diesel exhaust (DE). Human epidemiological studies and controlled animal studies have shown that exposure to air pollution may lead to neurotoxicity. In addition to a variety of behavioral abnormalities, two prominent effects caused by air pollution are oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are seen in both humans and animals and are confirmed by<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>studies. Among factors which can affect neurotoxic outcomes, age is considered the most relevant. Human and animal studies suggest that air pollution (and DE) may cause developmental neurotoxicity and may contribute to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autistic spectrum disorders. In addition, air pollution exposure has been associated with increased expression of markers of neurodegenerative disease pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/736385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,12]],"date-time":"2014-01-12T16:02:31Z","timestamp":1389542551000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Neurotoxicants Are in the Air: Convergence of Human, Animal, and<i>In Vitro<\/i>Studies on the Effects of Air Pollution on the Brain"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Lucio G.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt, Suite No. 100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toby 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