{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:47:51Z","timestamp":1790477271392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":234,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pathogens"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We review type 1 diabetes and host genetic components, as well as epigenetics and viruses associated with type 1 diabetes, with added emphasis on the enteroviruses, which are often associated with triggering the disease. Genus<jats:italic>Enterovirus<\/jats:italic>is classified into twelve species of which seven (<jats:italic>Enterovirus A, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus C,<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Enterovirus D<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Rhinovirus A, Rhinovirus B,<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Rhinovirus C<\/jats:italic>) are human pathogens. These viruses are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route; they may also spread via the nasopharyngeal route. Enterovirus infections are highly prevalent, but these infections are usually subclinical or cause a mild flu-like illness. However, infections caused by enteroviruses can sometimes be serious, with manifestations of meningoencephalitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and in neonates a fulminant sepsis-like syndrome. These viruses are often implicated in chronic (inflammatory) diseases as chronic myocarditis, chronic pancreatitis, and type 1 diabetes. In this review we discuss the currently suggested mechanisms involved in the viral induction of type 1 diabetes. We recapitulate current basic knowledge and definitions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/738512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]],"date-time":"2014-12-10T21:02:18Z","timestamp":1418245338000},"page":"1-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Type I Diabetes Mellitus: Genetic Factors and Presumptive Enteroviral Etiology or Protection"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Jana","family":"Precechtelova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Borsanyiova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sona","family":"Sarmirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8423-5565","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shubhada","family":"Bopegamage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"4","volume-title":"The history of diabetes","year":"1964"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09841-8"},{"key":"4","first-page":"939","volume":"63","year":"1914","journal-title":"Journal of American Medical 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