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We define CIN as acute renal failure occurring within 24\u201372 hrs of exposure to RCM that cannot be attributed to other causes. It usually occurs in patients with preexisting renal impairment and diabetes. The mechanisms underlying CIN include reduction in medullary blood flow leading to hypoxia and direct tubule cell damage and the formation of reactive oxygen species. Identification of patients at high risk for CIN is important. We have reviewed the risk factors and procedures for prevention, providing a long list of references enabling readers a deep evaluation of them both. The first rule to follow in patients at risk of CIN undergoing radiographic procedure is monitoring renal function by measuring serum creatinine and calculating the eGFR before and once daily for 5 days after the procedure. It is advised to discontinue potentially nephrotoxic medications, to choose radiocontrast media at lowest dosage, and to encourage oral or intravenous hydration. In high-risk patients N-acetylcysteine may also be given.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/741018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,11]],"date-time":"2014-05-11T17:06:11Z","timestamp":1399827971000},"page":"1-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Side Effects of Radiographic Contrast Media: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Prevention"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7974-3792","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michele","family":"Andreucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Unit, Department of \u201cHealth Sciences\u201d, Campus \u201cSalvatore Venuta\u201d, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, Loc. 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