{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:12:37Z","timestamp":1789578757438,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the association of serum homocysteine levels and vitamin status with type 2 diabetic retinopathy. This study included 65 patients with and 75 patients without diabetic retinopathy. Patients with diabetic retinopathy had significantly higher serum homocysteine levels<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced separators=\"|\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mfenced><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>, higher prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced separators=\"|\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mfenced><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>, lower serum folic acid<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced separators=\"|\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mfenced><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>, and vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>(<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.014<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) levels than those without diabetic retinopathy. Regression analysis revealed that homocysteine was an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy and there was a threshold in its serum level (13.7\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>mol\/L), above which the risk of diabetic retinopathy greatly increases (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mtext>O<\/mml:mtext><mml:mtext>R<\/mml:mtext><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>1.66<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Folic acid was associated with decreased odds for diabetic retinopathy (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mtext>O<\/mml:mtext><mml:mtext>R<\/mml:mtext><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.73<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). There was a threshold in serum vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>level (248.4\u2009pg\/mL), below which serum homocysteine concentration significantly increases with decreasing serum vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>(<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.003<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). Our findings suggest that hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Decreased serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>, through raising serum homocysteine concentrations, may also affect the diabetic retinopathy risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/807209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T00:11:54Z","timestamp":1402445514000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Vitamin Status as a Determinant of Serum Homocysteine Concentration in Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0200-3777","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pandelis","family":"Fotiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 1 Rimini Street, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Raptis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 1 Rimini Street, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Apergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Diagnosis, \u201cHippokration\u201d General Hospital, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Dimitriadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 1 Rimini Street, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Vergados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Eye Hospital, 45 Vouliagmenis Avenue, 16675 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Theodossiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 1 Rimini Street, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/83.11.1203"},{"issue":"16","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.16.2015","volume":"288","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical 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