{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:43:02Z","timestamp":1792096982869,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001501","name":"University Grants Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Thermoreversible biogels can serve as effective systems for delivery of drugs through nose with increased nasal residence time. The objective of this study was to use chitosan and glycerophosphate based thermoreversible systems for delivery of doxepin to brain through intranasal administration. Formulations were prepared by admixture of suitable dilutions of chitosan and glycerophosphate with or without polyethylene glycol, followed by addition of the antidepressant doxepin hydrochloride. Both systems were evaluated for gelling characteristics, rheology, mucoadhesion,\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    release, and\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    permeation through sheep nasal mucosa.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    efficacy was evaluated in Swiss albino mice through the forced swim test. Nasal tissues of mice subjected to repeated exposure to formulation were evaluated histopathologically. Both formulations gelled rapidly at 37\u00b0C, returned to sol state on cooling, and exhibited thixotropy. Addition of polyethylene glycol decreased the glycerophosphate content required for gelation and rendered the formulation isotonic. Both gels showed good mucoadhesion, enhanced drug permeation, and provided prolonged\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    release at 37\u00b0C. Efficacy of the formulation in treated groups was inferred from the measured pharmacodynamic parameter and histopathological reports of formulation treated groups showed no significant local toxicity. The biogels could be potential systems for effective drug delivery to brain via nose.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/847547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,22]],"date-time":"2014-06-22T02:28:46Z","timestamp":1403404126000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Formulation and Evaluation of Thermosensitive Biogels for Nose to Brain Delivery of Doxepin"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Anuja","family":"Naik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hema","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201053586047"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(97)00065-3"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10611860903386938"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/pt070367"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-013-9956-y"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10717540903447194"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22314"},{"issue":"1","key":"9","first-page":"371","volume":"3","year":"2011","journal-title":"Der Pharmacia Lettre"},{"issue":"3","key":"10","first-page":"140","volume":"36","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(00)00087-7"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357022539"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(95)00045-K"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2003.10.005"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(01)00172-5"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00171-5"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(00)00281-2"},{"key":"18","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the nose","volume":"39","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1","key":"19","first-page":"48","volume":"102","year":"1970","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"20","year":"1968"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/12_2011_118"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2010.10648153","volume":"27","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(98)00027-1"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.08.042"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00332-8"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(95)00036-I","volume":"122","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012160102740"},{"key":"29","first-page":"559","volume-title":"Antidepressant activity: despair swim test","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2014\/847547.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2014\/847547.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2014\/847547.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T11:21:58Z","timestamp":1498130518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2014\/847547\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["847547","847547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/847547","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}