{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T21:49:29Z","timestamp":1772833769226,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) have been considered potential triggers of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), an autoimmune cholestatic liver disease characterised by progressive destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts. Additional support for the link made between PBC and UTI was based on early observations of recurrent episodes of bacteriuria in female patients with PBC. A series of large epidemiological studies demonstrated a strong correlation between recurrent UTI and PBC, initiating a series of studies investigating the role of<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, the most prevalent organism isolated in women with UTI) as a trigger of PBC. Immunological evidence of B- and T-cell cross-reactive responses implicating PBC-specific autoantigens and<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>mimics have been clearly demonstrated, adding support to the notion that<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>is a potential infectious inducer of PBC in susceptible individuals. One of the major limitations in proving the<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\/PBC association was the lack of reliable<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>-infected animal models of PBC. This review provides an overview of the evidence linking this infectious agent with PBC and discusses the pros and cons of a recently developed<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>-infected animal model of PBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/848373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]],"date-time":"2014-12-16T21:02:03Z","timestamp":1418763723000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>E. coli<\/i>Induced Experimental Model of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: At Last"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Andreas L.","family":"Koutsoumpas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Viopolis, 40500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Smyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King\u2019s College London School of Medicine at 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