{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:42:17Z","timestamp":1790700137971,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Save Sight Society NZ Incorporated"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001527","name":"New Zealand Optometric and Vision Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001527","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Purpose.<\/jats:italic>To compare tear film metrics in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy controls and investigate the association between peripheral neuropathy and ocular surface quality.<jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic>Dry eye symptoms were quantified in 53 patients with type 1 DM and 40 age-matched controls. Ocular examination included tear film lipid layer thickness grading, tear film stability and quantity measurement, and retinal photography. DM individuals additionally underwent a detailed neuropathy assessment.<jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>Neither mean age nor dry eye symptom scores differed significantly between the DM and control groups (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.12<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.33<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, resp.). Tear lipid thickness (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.02<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), stability (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), and quantity (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) were significantly lower in the DM group. Corneal sensitivity was also reduced in the DM group (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) and tear film stability was inversely associated with total neuropathy score (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.29<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.03<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>).<jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>The DM group exhibited significantly reduced tear film stability, secretion, and lipid layer quality relative to the age-matched control group. The negative correlation between tear film parameters and total neuropathy score suggests that ocular surface abnormalities occur in parallel with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/848659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,9]],"date-time":"2014-08-09T17:13:16Z","timestamp":1407604396000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Peripheral Neuropathy and Tear Film Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Stuti L.","family":"Misra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipika V.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles N. 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