{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:17:39Z","timestamp":1788520659919,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mexican Institute of Social Security"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background.<\/jats:italic>Low-grade inflammation is the link between obesity and insulin resistance. Because physiologic insulin resistance occurs at puberty, obese pubertal children are at higher risk for insulin resistance. Excessive diets in refined carbohydrates and saturated fats are risk factors for insulin resistance, but calcium, magnesium, vitamin-D, and the omega-3 fatty acids likely protect against inflammation and insulin resistance.<jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>To analyze interactions among dietary saturated fat, refined carbohydrates, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of inflammation and insulin resistance in a sample of prepubertal and pubertal children.<jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic>A sample of 229 children from Mexico City was analyzed in a cross-sectional design. Anthropometric measurements, 24\u2009h recall questionnaires, and blood samples were obtained. Serum insulin, glucose, calcium, magnesium, 25-OHD3, C-reactive protein, leptin, adiponectin, and erythrocytes fatty acids were measured. Parametric and nonparametric statistics were used for analysis.<jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>While mean macronutrients intake was excessive, micronutrients intake was deficient<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mml:mo><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mml:mo><\/mml:math>. Inflammation determinants were central obesity and magnesium-deficient diets. Determinants of insulin resistance were carbohydrates intake and circulating magnesium and adiponectin.<jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic>Magnesium-deficient diets are determinants of inflammation, while high intake of refined carbohydrates is a risk factor for insulin resistance, independently of central adiposity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/849031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,16]],"date-time":"2014-11-16T16:05:06Z","timestamp":1416153906000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Excessive Refined Carbohydrates and Scarce Micronutrients Intakes Increase Inflammatory Mediators and Insulin Resistance in Prepubertal and Pubertal Obese Children Independently of Obesity"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Mardia","family":"L\u00f3pez-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center \u201cSiglo XXI\u201d, Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O. Box C-029 CSPI, Coahuila No. 5 Col. Roma, 06703 M\u00e9xico, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otilia","family":"Perichart-Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Bioprogramming Research Department, National Institute of Perinatology \u201cIsidro Espinosa de los Reyes\u201d, M\u00e9xico, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-4721","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel","family":"Flores-Huerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Research, Infantile Hospital of M\u00e9xico \u201cFederico G\u00f3mez\u201d, M\u00e9xico, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5697-2827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patricia","family":"Inda-Icaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, North University Anahuac, Huixquilucan, MEX, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maricela","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center \u201cSiglo XXI\u201d, Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O. Box C-029 CSPI, Coahuila No. 5 Col. Roma, 06703 M\u00e9xico, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Armenta-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center \u201cSiglo XXI\u201d, Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O. Box C-029 CSPI, Coahuila No. 5 Col. Roma, 06703 M\u00e9xico, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Bram-Falc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center \u201cSiglo XXI\u201d, Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O. Box C-029 CSPI, Coahuila No. 5 Col. Roma, 06703 M\u00e9xico, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marielle","family":"Mayorga-Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center \u201cSiglo XXI\u201d, Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O. Box C-029 CSPI, Coahuila No. 5 Col. Roma, 06703 M\u00e9xico, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132434"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.03.029"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000341840"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.8.2033"},{"key":"5","first-page":"421","volume":"65","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn M\u00e9dico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.3.824"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxm012"},{"issue":"3","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.3.440","volume":"69","year":"1999","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.1.268S","volume":"133","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(02)00090-0"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1000"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/348959"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.06.044"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2004.01.007"},{"key":"15","year":"2005"},{"key":"16","year":"1997"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.163"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60958-1"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1921"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1472-x"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-008-0719-9"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.6.1438"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2085"}],"container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2014\/849031.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2014\/849031.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2014\/849031.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,17]],"date-time":"2019-08-17T08:53:14Z","timestamp":1566031994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2014\/849031\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["849031","849031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/849031","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-9351","1466-1861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-9351","type":"print"},{"value":"1466-1861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}