{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:24:41Z","timestamp":1791296681547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:italic>\n . Chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC), a late consequence of\n Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n infection, is an inflammatory cardiomyopathy with prognosis worse than those of noninflammatory etiology (NIC). Although the T cell-rich myocarditis is known to play a pathogenetic role, the relative contribution of each of the functional T cell subsets has never been thoroughly investigated. We therefore assessed gene expression of cytokines and transcription factors involved in differentiation and effector function of each functional T cell subset (\n \n \n \n \n T<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n H<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n 1\/\n \n \n \n \n T<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n H<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n 2\/\n \n \n \n \n T<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n H<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n 17\/Treg) in CCC, NIC, and heart donor myocardial samples.\n Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\n . Quantitative PCR showed markedly upregulated expression of\n \n IFN-\n \u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and transcription factor\n T-bet<\/jats:italic>\n , and minor increases of\n GATA-3<\/jats:italic>\n ;\n FoxP3<\/jats:italic>\n and\n CTLA-4<\/jats:italic>\n ;\n IL-17<\/jats:italic>\n and\n IL-18<\/jats:italic>\n in CCC as compared with NIC samples. Conversely, cytokines expressed by\n \n \n \n \n T<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n H<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n 2 cells (\n IL-4<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n IL-5<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n IL-13<\/jats:italic>\n ) or associated with Treg (\n \n TGF-\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and\n IL-10<\/jats:italic>\n ) were not upregulated in CCC myocardium. Expression of\n \n \n \n \n T<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n H<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n 1-related genes such as\n T-bet<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n \n IFN-\n \u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , and\n IL-18<\/jats:italic>\n correlated with ventricular dilation,\n FoxP3<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n CTLA-4<\/jats:italic>\n .\n Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n . Results are consistent with a strong local\n \n \n \n \n T<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n H<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n 1-mediated response in most samples, possibly associated with pathological myocardial remodeling, and a proportionally smaller FoxP3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CTLA4\n +<\/jats:sup>\n Treg cell population, which is unable to completely curb IFN-\n \u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n production in CCC myocardium, therefore fueling inflammation.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/914326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,10]],"date-time":"2014-09-10T02:58:38Z","timestamp":1410317918000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Myocardial Gene Expression of\n T-bet<\/i>\n ,\n GATA-3<\/i>\n ,\n Ror-<\/i>\n \n \n \u03b3<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n t,\n FoxP3<\/i>\n , and Hallmark Cytokines in Chronic Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy: An Essentially Unopposed T\n H<\/sub>\n 1-Type Response"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Luciana Gabriel","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 01246-903 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronaldo Honorato Barros","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo In\u00e1cio","family":"Fiorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane Conti","family":"Mairena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 01246-903 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Alberto","family":"Benvenuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edimar Alcides","family":"Bocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplantation and Heart Failure Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noedir Antonio","family":"Stolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Kalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of S\u00e3o 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