{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T16:18:19Z","timestamp":1740154699051,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]],"date-time":"2014-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393891200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01NR011474-03","U1AI51171","1UO1AI075115-O1A1","22006.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01NR011474-03","U1AI51171","1UO1AI075115-O1A1","22006.03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01NR011474-03","U1AI51171","1UO1AI075115-O1A1","22006.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01NR011474-03","U1AI51171","1UO1AI075115-O1A1","22006.03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01NR011474-03","U1AI51171","1UO1AI075115-O1A1","22006.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01NR011474-03","U1AI51171","1UO1AI075115-O1A1","22006.03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01NR011474-03","U1AI51171","1UO1AI075115-O1A1","22006.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01NR011474-03","U1AI51171","1UO1AI075115-O1A1","22006.03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Data on the incidence of <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and use of hormonal contraception (HC) are limited. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. 2,374 sexually active women aged 15\u201349 years from cohort surveys in Rakai, Uganda, were included. Incidence of <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> was estimated per 100 person years (py) and association between HC (DMPA, Norplant, and oral contraceptives) and<jats:italic> T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> infection was assessed by incidence rate ratios (IRR), using Poisson regression models. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. At baseline, 34.9% had used HC in the last 12 months, 12.8% HIV+, 39.7% with high BV-scores (7\u201310), and 3.1% syphilis positive. The 12-month incidence of <jats:italic>T. vaginalis <\/jats:italic>was 2.4\/100\u2009py; CI (1.90, 3.25). When stratified by type of HC used, compared to women who did not use HC or condoms, incidence of <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> was significantly higher among users of Norplant (adj.IRR = 3.01, CI: 1.07\u20138.49) and significantly lower among DMPA users (adj.IRR = 0.55, CI: 0.30, 0.98) and women who discontinued HC use at follow-up (adj.IRR = 0.30, CI: 0.09, 0.99). HIV infection was associated with an increase in incidence of <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> (adj.IRR = 2.34, CI: 1.44, 3.78). <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. Use of Norplant and being HIV+ significantly increased the risk of <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, while use of DMPA and discontinuation of overall HC use were associated with a decreased incidence of <jats:italic>T. vaginalis.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/916597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]],"date-time":"2014-03-04T21:10:36Z","timestamp":1393967436000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i> Incidence Associated with Hormonal Contraceptive Use and HIV Infection among Women in Rakai, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Heena","family":"Brahmbhatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Reproductive and Family Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, E4010, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Musoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rakai Health Science Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Makumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Makerere University, School of Public Health, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Maksph Building, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Kigozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rakai Health Science Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Serwadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Makerere University, School of Public Health, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Maksph Building, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Wawer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/509934"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/526496"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511278"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.083329"},{"year":"2012","key":"7"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835ad539"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70247-X"},{"year":"2012","key":"10"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.115862"},{"issue":"4","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(89)90610-3","volume":"28","year":"1989","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.06.007"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06439-3"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199810000-00014"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181cfcc4b"},{"issue":"10","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200110000-00005","volume":"28","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322613"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200411050-00010"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000137904.56037.70"},{"issue":"2","key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91186-G","volume":"163","year":"1990","journal-title":"The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1155\/1998\/87527","volume":"6","year":"1998","journal-title":"Developmental Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"24","first-page":"431","volume":"96","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mechanisms of Development"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00631-06"},{"issue":"5","key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90122-0","volume":"156","year":"1987","journal-title":"The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69738-9"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2014\/916597.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2014\/916597.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2014\/916597.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T21:32:19Z","timestamp":1607549539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jstd\/2014\/916597\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["916597","916597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/916597","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-7893","2090-7958"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2090-7893"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2090-7958"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]]}}}