{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:33:38Z","timestamp":1791232418977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,18]],"date-time":"2014-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":168,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009568","name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009568","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dermatophytosis and superficial mycosis are a major global public health problem that affects 20\u201325% of the world\u2019s population. The increase in fungal resistance to the commercially available antifungal agents, in conjunction with the limited spectrum of action of such drugs, emphasises the need to develop new antifungal agents. Natural products are attractive prototypes for antifungal agents due to their broad spectrum of biological activities. This study aimed to verify the antifungal activity of protocatechuic acid, 3,4\u2010diacetoxybenzoic, and fourteen alkyl protocatechuates (3,4\u2010dihydroxybenzoates) against <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes<\/jats:italic>  and to further assess their activities when combined with fluconazole. Susceptibility and synergism assays were conducted as described in M38\u2010A2 (CLSI), with modifications. Three strains of <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic>  and three strains of <jats:italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes<\/jats:italic>  were used in this work. The pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl protocatechuates showed great fungicidal effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.97 to 7.8\u2009mg\/L. Heptyl showed a synergistic activity (FIC index  = <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.49), reducing the MIC of fluconazole by fourfold. All substances tested were safe, especially the hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and nonyl compounds, all of which showed a high selectivity index, particularly in combination with fluconazole. These ester associations with fluconazole may represent a promising source of prototypes in the search for anti\u2010<jats:italic>Trichophyton<\/jats:italic>  therapeutic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/957860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,22]],"date-time":"2014-06-22T07:00:12Z","timestamp":1403420412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Anti\u2010<i>Trichophyton<\/i> Activity of Protocatechuates and Their Synergism with Fluconazole"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6560-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana Arantes","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Patr\u00edcia","family":"Gullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janaina de C\u00e1ssia Orlandi","family":"Sardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3248-5180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayla de Souza","family":"Pitangui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Barcelos","family":"Costa-Orlandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Sangalli-Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Scorzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Oct\u00e1vio","family":"Regasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maicon Segalla","family":"Petr\u00f4nio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Fernanda","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dulce Helena Siqueira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9 Soares","family":"Mendes-Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2115-8988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Marisa","family":"Fusco-Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","first-page":"543","article-title":"Dermatophyte infections in patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Northern Italy","volume":"31","author":"Asticcioli S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Microbiologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-009-9252-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9101-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9103-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000051640"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","first-page":"S26","article-title":"Current treatment of superficial mycosis","volume":"16","author":"Carazo J. 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