{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:29:11Z","timestamp":1784759351716,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Aim<\/jats:italic>. This study aimed to assess the long-term respiratory effects of tear gases among the subjects with history of frequent exposure.<jats:italic>Materials and Methods<\/jats:italic>. A questionnaire by NIOSH and pulmonary function tests was performed in 93 males exposed to the tear gases frequently and 55 nonexposed subjects.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The mean numbers of total exposure and last 2 years exposure were<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mn>8.4<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>6.4<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>times,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mn>5.6<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>5.8<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>times, respectively. Tear gas exposed subjects were presented with a higher rate for cough and phlegm more than 3 months (24.7% versus 11.3%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Mean FEV1\/FVC and % predicted MMFR in smoker exposed subjects are significantly lower than those in smoker controls (81.7% versus 84.1%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.046<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>and 89.9% versus 109.6%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0004<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, resp.). % predicted MMFR in nonsmoker exposed subjects is significantly lower than that in nonsmoker controls (99.4% versus 113.1%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Odds ratios for chest tightness, exercise dyspnea, dyspnea on level ground, winter morning cough, phlegm, and daily phlegm were increased almost 2 to 2.5 folds among tear gas exposed subjects.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The rates for respiratory complaints were high in the case of the exposure to the tear gases previously. Tears gas exposed subjects were found to be under the risk for chronic bronchitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/963638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T22:28:34Z","timestamp":1406154514000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Long Term Effects of Tear Gases on Respiratory System: Analysis of 93 Cases"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Peri","family":"Arbak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Diseases, Duzce University Medical Faculty, D\u00fczce, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130lknur","family":"Ba\u015fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Ankara Numune State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zlem Ozdemir","family":"Kumbasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00fcsun","family":"\u00dclger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Disease, Private Practice, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeki","family":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Evyapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Diseases, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.262.5.660"},{"issue":"5","key":"2","first-page":"268","volume":"60","year":"1999","journal-title":"North Carolina medical journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"3","first-page":"245","volume":"123","year":"1972","journal-title":"The American Journal of Diseases of Children"},{"issue":"8808","key":"4","first-page":"1535","volume":"339","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.96.4.172"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199509000-00001"},{"issue":"3","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663792","volume":"152","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"9","first-page":"611","volume-title":"Peripheral sensory irritation: basics and applications","volume":"2","year":"1999"},{"key":"10","volume-title":"Peripheral chemosensory irritation with particular reference to respiratory tract exposure","year":"2005"},{"key":"11","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Forensic aspects of riot control agents","year":"2004"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.99.1.27"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/40.3.111"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.3.734"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370591000591"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/43.3.139"}],"container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2014\/963638.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2014\/963638.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2014\/963638.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T17:12:49Z","timestamp":1498151569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2014\/963638\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["963638","963638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/963638","relation":{},"ISSN":["2356-6140","1537-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2356-6140","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}