{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T16:04:07Z","timestamp":1773072247565,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,24]],"date-time":"2014-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":357,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004386","name":"Universiti Malaya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG059-2013A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG059-2013A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Clausena excavata<\/jats:italic> (Lour.), locally known as \u201cKemantu hitam,\u201d is a common plant in Malaysian folklore medicine. This study evaluated the antioxidant properties of the solvent extracts of <jats:italic>C. excavata<\/jats:italic> leaves and determined the acute toxicity of methanolic extract <jats:italic>C. excavata<\/jats:italic> (MECE) leaves in Sprague\u2010Dawley rats. Harvested leaves were dried and subjected to solvent extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol in succession. The antioxidant activity of each extract was determined using the ferric\u2010reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2\u2010diphenyl\u20101\u2010picryl dihydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) were estimated by Folin\u2010Ciocalteu and ethanolic aluminium chloride method, respectively. The chloroform extract was found to be highest in flavonoid content, while the methanolic extract showed the highest TPC and antioxidant activity. There was no mortality in rats treated with MECE leaves even at a high dose of 5000\u2009mg\/kg body weight. However, the MECE leaves produced mild to moderate pathological changes in the liver and kidneys, shown by mild degenerative changes and leucocyte infiltration. The extract did not affect the haematological parameters or relative weights of the liver or kidneys. Overall, the MECE leaves have potent antioxidant activity and are presumed safe to be used orally as health\u2010promoting product at low to  moderate doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/975450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,24]],"date-time":"2014-12-24T21:06:14Z","timestamp":1419455174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Acute Toxicity of <i>Clausena excavata<\/i> Leaves Extract"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas","family":"Albaayit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7888-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf","family":"Abba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasedee","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8485-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noorlidah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/11.3.298"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2007.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2004.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0367-326x(02)00211-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/ajb11.2239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2012.34.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-37716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2011.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR12.317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clausenlactam: a new macrocyclic lactam from Clausena excavata","volume":"15","author":"Shang L.-J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Metallurgica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np990619i"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.56.827"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effect of intake of aqueous stem extract of Anisopus mannii on haematological parameters in rats","volume":"2","author":"Sani D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute and repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity studies of Clausena excavata extract in rats","volume":"12","author":"Puongtip K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2006.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17033547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1995-7645(12)60195-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/jas.v5n6p58"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-8-53"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","volume-title":"OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals","author":"OECD","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1344"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0354848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.11.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-008-0277-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"RP-HPLC analysis and antimicrobial screening of Clausena excavata burm.F . 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