{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:44:53Z","timestamp":1784126693516,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]],"date-time":"2014-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398643200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis (CRS) are relevant health conditions affecting significant percentages of the western population. They are frequently coexisting and aggravating diseases. Both are chronic, noninfectious, and inflammatory conditions sharing to a certain extent important pathophysiologic similarities. Beneficial effects of probiotics are long known to mankind. Research is beginning to unravel the true nature of the human microbiome and its interaction with the immune system. The growing prevalence of atopic diseases in the developed world led to the proposition of the \u201chygiene hypothesis.\u201d Dysbiosis is linked to atopic diseases; probiotic supplementation is able to alter the microbiome and certain probiotic strains have immunomodulatory effects in favour of a suppression of Th-2 and stimulation of a Th1 profile. This review focuses on randomized,  double-blind, placebo-controlled trials investigating clinical parameters in the treatment of chronic rhinitis and CRS. An emerging number of publications demonstrate beneficial effects using probiotics in clinical double-blind placebo-controlled (dbpc) trials in allergic rhinitis (AR). Using probiotics as complementary treatment options in AR seems to be a promising concept although the evidence is of a preliminary nature to date and more convincing trials are needed. There are no current data to support the use of probiotics in non-AR or CRS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/983635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]],"date-time":"2014-04-28T21:08:03Z","timestamp":1398719283000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Probiotics in the Treatment of Chronic Rhinoconjunctivitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Matthias F.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Therapeutics plc., Dominion Way, Worthing, West Sussex BN14 8SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Therapeutics plc., Dominion Way, Worthing, West Sussex BN14 8SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02709.x"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.032"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02593.x"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01106.x"},{"issue":"23","key":"6","first-page":"1","volume":"3","journal-title":"Rhinolology Supplements"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00095.x"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.01989.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2548","volume":"126","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000357946","volume":"163","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology"},{"key":"11","volume":"4, article 2462","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"12","volume":"2, article 94","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"13","first-page":"S21","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177486"},{"key":"16","first-page":"1255","volume":"366","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.11.019"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.100875"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023035"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809919106"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000079107"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02375.x"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03344.x"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2011.0012"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2010.03650.x"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510005702"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e328317b88b"},{"issue":"1","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.1.171","volume":"168","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.09.010","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Pharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.117","volume":"7","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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