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Abnormal expression and activity of a number of proinflammatory cytokines are associated with MPNs, in particular MF, in which immune dysregulation is pronounced as evidenced by dysregulation of several immune and inflammation genes. In addition, chronic inflammation has been suggested to contribute to the development of premature atherosclerosis and may drive the development of other cancers in MPNs, both nonhematologic and hematologic. The MPN population has a substantial inflammation\u2010mediated comorbidity burden. This review describes the evidence for considering the MPNs as inflammatory diseases, <jats:italic>A Human Inflammation Model of Cancer Development<\/jats:italic>, and the role of cytokines in disease initiation and progression. The consequences of this model are discussed, including the increased risk of second cancers and other inflammation\u2010mediated diseases, emphasizing the urgent need for rethinking our therapeutic approach. Early intervention with interferon\u2010alpha2, which as monotherapy has been shown to be able to induce minimal residual disease, in combination with potent anti\u2010inflammatory agents such as JAK\u2010inhibitors is foreseen as the most promising new treatment modality in the years to come.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/102476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T23:01:56Z","timestamp":1446073316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"title":["MPNs as Inflammatory Diseases: The Evidence,  Consequences, and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Hans Carl","family":"Hasselbalch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads 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