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The algorithm uses clusters to eliminate the multihop distance errors. An anchor node position optimization scheme is proposed to maximize the uniformity of each subnetwork. The proposed algorithm also employs a new three-dimensional coordinate transformation algorithm, which helps to reduce the errors introduced by coordinate integration between clusters and improves the localization precision. The simulation and performance analysis results show that the localization accuracy of the D3D-MDS algorithm increases by 49.1% compared with 3D-DV-HOP and 38.6% compared with 3D-MDS-MAP. This distributed localization scheme also demonstrates a low computational complexity compared with other centralized localization algorithms. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/103564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]],"date-time":"2015-02-02T21:19:22Z","timestamp":1422911962000},"page":"103564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["D3D-MDS: A Distributed 3D Localization Scheme for an Irregular Wireless Sensor Network Using Multidimensional Scaling"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Computer Science, Hangzhou DIANZI University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baohui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Computer Science, Hangzhou DIANZI University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guojun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Computer Science, Hangzhou DIANZI University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-010-9324-2"},{"key":"B2-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1287853.1287861"},{"key":"B3-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/infcom.2012.6195560"},{"key":"B4-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1869983.1870012"},{"key":"B5-2015-103564","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MOBIHOC '03)","author":"Shang Y."},{"key":"B6-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2001.965964"},{"key":"B7-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/infcom.2004.1354683"},{"key":"B8-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lcn.2006.322106"},{"key":"B9-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/infocom.2007.56"},{"key":"B10-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.6.167"},{"key":"B11-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/98.878533"},{"key":"B12-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4304\/jcp.4.7.585-592"},{"key":"B13-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/wicom.2008.841"},{"key":"B14-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1860093.1860120"},{"key":"B15-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/infcom.2012.6195798"},{"key":"B16-2015-103564","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1530748.1530767"},{"key":"B17-2015-103564","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Algorithmic Aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks","author":"Fekete S. 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