{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T02:18:52Z","timestamp":1772936332944,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This review presents the history of discoveries concerning the pancreas. In antiquity and the Middle Ages knowledge about the anatomy of the pancreas was very limited and its function was completely unknown. Significant progress was first made in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Johann Georg Wirs\u00fcng, the prosector of the University of Padua, discovered the main pancreatic duct, and Giovanni Santorini discovered the accessory duct. Regnier de Graaf was the first to perform pancreatic exocrine studies, and Paul Langerhans\u2019s 1869 discovery of pancreatic islets was the first step toward recognizing the pancreas as an endocrine gland. The twentieth century brought the discovery of insulin and other pancreatic hormones. To date, histochemical staining, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry enabled the discovery of five cell types with identified hormonal products in adult human pancreatic islets. Twentieth-century pancreatic studies led to crucial advances in scientific knowledge and were recognized, among other things, with seven Nobel Prizes. The first of these went to Ivan Pavlov in 1904 for his work on the physiology of digestion. The most recent was awarded to G\u00fcnter Blobel in 1999 for discovering signaling mechanisms that govern the transport and localization of proteins within pancreatic acinar cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/128095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,10]],"date-time":"2015-06-10T15:54:46Z","timestamp":1433951686000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Beginnings of Pancreatology as a Field of Experimental and Clinical Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Piotr","family":"Ceranowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Cieszkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zygmunt","family":"Warzecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Ku\u015bnierz-Cabala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15 A Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Dembi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","volume-title":"Pancreas","year":"2001\u20132013"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-002-1238-x"},{"key":"3","series-title":"Biblioteka Klasyk\u00f3w Filozofii","year":"1982"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000049441"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1072-7515(98)00136-7"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200003000-00001"},{"issue":"1","key":"7","first-page":"18","volume":"5","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vesalius"},{"issue":"7","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688808100718","volume":"81","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.11197"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00271257"},{"key":"11","first-page":"483","volume":"65","year":"1971","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"12","first-page":"205","volume":"11","year":"1900","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbm.1935.0005","volume":"1","year":"1935","journal-title":"Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbm.1942.0003","volume":"4","year":"1942","journal-title":"Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society"},{"issue":"12","key":"15","first-page":"1391","volume":"167","year":"2002","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"16","first-page":"235","volume":"19","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-0115(02)00067-8"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000070304"},{"key":"19","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The history of the endocrine pancreas","year":"1991"},{"issue":"6","key":"20","first-page":"937","volume":"16","year":"1967","journal-title":"Laboratory Investigation"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)85474-6","volume":"58","year":"1923","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01568a038"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1941201a0"},{"key":"24","first-page":"371","volume":"11","year":"1962","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-71-3-464"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090490406"},{"issue":"200","key":"27","first-page":"5","volume":"80","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1093736"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(75)92198-4"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-83-6-1323"},{"key":"31","first-page":"43","volume":"8","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pathology. Supplement"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00492685"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00221800"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/262609a0"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/45230"},{"issue":"11","key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.11.7757","volume":"141","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.062604"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.11.2540"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0231k.x"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.86.10.5083"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021504"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460241"},{"issue":"4","key":"43","first-page":"561","volume":"54","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2006.09.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"45","first-page":"419","volume":"61","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.056"},{"key":"48","year":"1904"},{"key":"50","first-page":"423","volume":"63","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"51"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/128095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/128095.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/128095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T01:01:16Z","timestamp":1652317276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/128095\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["128095","128095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/128095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}