{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:09:08Z","timestamp":1790050148431,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014933","name":"Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["91\/27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91\/27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014933","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012496","name":"Lorestan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["91\/27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91\/27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012496","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aims to evaluate the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>antileishmanial activities of<jats:italic>Pistacia khinjuk<\/jats:italic>Stocks (Anacardiaceae) alcoholic extract and to compare its efficacy with a reference drug, meglumine antimoniate (MA, Glucantime), against<jats:italic>Leishmania tropica<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>. This extract (0\u2013100\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/mL) was evaluated<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>against promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of<jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>(MRHO\/IR\/75\/ER) and then tested on cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in male BALB\/c mice with<jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>to reproduce the antileishmanial activity topically.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>P. khinjuk<\/jats:italic>extract significantly (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) inhibited the growth rate of promastigote (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u2009<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">58.6<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">3.2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/mL) and intramacrophage amastigotes (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">37.3<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2.5<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/mL) of<jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>as a dose-dependent response. In the<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>assay, after 30 days of treatment, 75% recovery was observed in the infected mice treated with 30% extract. After treatment of the subgroups with the concentration of 20 and 30% of<jats:italic>P. khinjuk<\/jats:italic>extract, mean diameter of lesions was significantly (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) reduced. To conclude, the present investigation demonstrated that<jats:italic>P. vera<\/jats:italic>extract had<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>effectiveness against<jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>. Obtained findings also provide the scientific evidences that natural plants could be used in the traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of CL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/149707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,28]],"date-time":"2015-02-28T21:00:30Z","timestamp":1425157230000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>and<i>In Vivo<\/i>Antileishmanial Effects of<i>Pistacia khinjuk against Leishmania tropica<\/i>and<i>Leishmania major<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6174-9013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Behrouz","family":"Ezatpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6814994688, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Saedi Dezaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616914111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Mahmoudvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616914111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojgan","family":"Azadpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6814994688, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ezzatkhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6814994688, 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