{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T22:56:08Z","timestamp":1770677768337,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010274","name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperactive reflexes are commonly observed in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) but there is a lack of convenient and quantitative characterizations. Patellar tendon reflexes were examined in nine SCI patients and ten healthy control subjects by tapping the tendon using a hand-held instrumented hammer at various knee flexion angles, and the tapping force, quadriceps EMG, and knee extension torque were measured to characterize patellar tendon reflexes quantitatively in terms of the tendon reflex gain (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>G<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>tr<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>), contraction rate (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>c<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>), and reflex loop time delay (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). It was found that there are significant increases in<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>G<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>tr<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>c<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>and decrease in<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>in patients with spinal cord injury as compared to the controls (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). This study presented a convenient and quantitative method to evaluate reflex excitability and muscle contraction dynamics. With proper simplifications, it can potentially be used for quantitative diagnosis and outcome evaluations of hyperreflexia in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/149875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]],"date-time":"2015-01-15T21:00:40Z","timestamp":1421355640000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessment of Hyperactive Reflexes in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7012-8638","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dali","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, 345 E. Superior Street, Room 1406, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9137-909X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, 345 E. Superior Street, Room 1406, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Department of Automation, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5882-7965","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Li-Qun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, 345 E. Superior Street, Room 1406, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"13","first-page":"144","volume":"70","year":"1989","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.5.1737"},{"key":"1","year":"1991"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.02.015"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70193-X"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90034-9"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90014-3"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.02.015"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.769410"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014600"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.09.051"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00049.2007"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.2.637"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(83)90032-8"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90949-0"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.2.134"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.5582"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.2.150"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.09.029"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.33233"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280110060466"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160112"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.04.048"},{"issue":"1","key":"25","first-page":"233","volume":"114","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1984.52.3.435","volume":"52","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"12","first-page":"450","volume":"108","year":"1996","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000377"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1142-6"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080799"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2299753"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.04.0065"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/149875.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/149875.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/149875.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T21:11:26Z","timestamp":1589490686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/149875\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["149875","149875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/149875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}